Coverage & limitations

What this reconstruction can and cannot establish. Transparency about gaps is part of the product.

What is covered

• 432 Koramangala projects of at least ₹5 lakh; 388 with BBMP bills; 592 paid bills from 19 Jun 2015 to 24 Sep 2026.
• 686 paid bills on 484 job numbers found in BBMP's city-wide payment grid by the Koramangala scope rules (561 by description, 125 by ward prefix).
• Quantities: 30 highest-value projects examined; planned-vs-billed comparisons for 14; 225 of 551 quantity documents yielded arithmetic-checked rows.

How complete is it?

For paid bills since mid-2015 the list is close to complete: independent checks found every known paid bill in BBMP's payment grid:

• 310 / 310 OpenCity-published paid bills;
• 338 / 338 known Koramangala jobs;
• 820 / 820 paid bills fetched directly from IFMS.

Limitations

• The paid-bill denominator is reliable only from mid-2015. Older bills come from published registers whose completeness is unknown.
• Unpaid bills may be incomplete. The payment grid lists only paid bills; bills stuck at an approval level are visible only for jobs already known.
• Newer bill attachments require a login. For bills from about mid-2024, IFMS shows no bill-level attachments (MB, bill form) without a session, and none were sought.
• Absence from public attachments does not prove a document does not exist. Approvals may exist on paper. Cases say "no explaining approval was found in the public records examined" for this reason.
• Handwritten measurement books are usually not machine-readable, so what was measured on site is mostly unverified.
• OCR can fail. Quantities are used only when the printed arithmetic checks out; values read from scans are marked inferred.
• No GPS on site photos. Locations come from work descriptions, not photos.
• Administrative documents do not prove physical existence or quality. A completion certificate is not a site inspection.
• Job numbers and ward maps are complex. The same job number can belong to different wards on the 198-, 225- and 243-ward maps; scope rules guard against this but can miss works described only by road names, or booked to zonal or departmental codes.
• Tender ↔ bill links are inferred. No public register maps tenders to job numbers; links carry a confidence and their evidence.